SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION:
System Definition
and Concepts
General Theory
systems
Manual and
automated systems
Real-life
Business Sub-systems
System
Environments and Boundaries
INTRODUCTION: -
1. An
active field in which analysts continuously learn new approaches and different
techniques which help for building the system more effectively and efficiently,
this is known as System Analysis and
Design.
2. To
improve the organizational systems is the primary objectives of System Analysis and Design.
3. We
can conclude that System Analysis and
Design is proven methodology which helps both scale of business i.e. large
and small, and the rewards of utilizing information to its full capacity.
4. The
person in the organization, who is the most involved with System Analysis and Design is a system analyst, will enjoy a rich career that will enhance both skills of
his/ her in both computer and interpersonal skills.
5. The
four phases through which all information systems move are planning, analysis, design and implementation all the projects
required an understanding of organization concepts and behavior like change in
management and team building.
System Definition and
Concepts:
1. Systema is
a Greek word, and the term system is derived from this Greek word which means
an organized relationship among functioning units and its components.
2. System is
designed to achieve one or more objectives hence a system exists.
3. A
system is an orderly group of interdependent components (components may be
physical parts, or sub-system multilevel structure) linked together according
to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
4. System analysis: -
a. Process
of collecting and interpretation of facts, identification of problems, and
decomposition of a system into its component is known as System analyst.
b. The
purpose behind the conducted of system analysis is to studying a system or
system parts in order to identify the system
objectives.
c. System analysis is
a problem solving technique which improves the system and it ensures that all
the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish the system analyst purpose.
d. The
motive of a System analysis is to
specify what the system should do.
5. System Design: -
a. System
designing is a process of planning new business system or it can also replace
the existing system by defining the components or modules of existing system to
specify the specific requirements.
b. How to accomplish the objective of the
system is the goal of a System
designer.
General Theory System (GST): -
1. General
theory system and the theory of general systems have been developed to explain
and explore the general behavior i.e. common to all of the various systems
which found within the different disciplines.
2. It
is versatile in nature and finds a place between the level of specific
relations within each academic field and the level of complete generalization
of mathematics.
3. General
theory system provides much useful knowledge for new project as the structure
of our program was critically analysis.
4. The
significance of the theory of general system is in threefold: -
a. Many
characteristics of a region can be regarded as systems and a general
understanding of system behavior adds to regional processes. Aspects of general
theory systems are concerned with the ways of forecast (predict) and
understanding the behavior of complex or complicated and very large systems.
b. The
control of regional process is the second use of general systems. Not only for
understand, the planner must be also able to guide a region’s development.
c. At
the third place systems theory is not for only helps in the understanding of
regional process but it also helps in the modeling of them.
Manual and automated
systems
Manual system: -
1.
A system which is done by hand, without
using a computer system or any automatic system just like a book keeping system
in which records are maintenance is done by hand is known as a manual system.
2. In manual system transactions are written
in journals, from the information is manually retrieved into a financial
statements set.
3. In Manual systems both can be wasted i.e.
money and time because this system is maintained by hand hence a system needs a
lot of time to search any recorded data in the system.
4. Manual systems
are much slower than computerized system and it suffers from higher rate of
inaccuracy.
5. Due
to documents generated by manual processes and misplaces that effects on
service delivery is quite obvious, since customer get frustrated which grows
company reputation diminish.
Automated system: -
1. A
combination of both software and hardware which is designed and programmed to
work automatically and there is no need of any human operator to provide inputs
and instructions for each operations it can be termed as automated system.
2.
Automated
system allow us to monitor our process in real time identify
problems as they arrive.
3.
Automated
system reduces the use of paper and makes data storable, and
data can be retrieve very easily, and searchable.
4.
Once automated systems are implemented the time of our employees safe
which was waste in searching for misplaced documents and time can be spent on
more new strategic, value-generating activities.
Difference Between manual and automated system: -
Speed
1. Speed is
the main difference between manual
system and automated system.
2. In Automated system accounting of software
process data and to crates report is much faster than manual system.
3. In automated system as compare to manual system calculations are done
automatically in software programs, it also minimizes errors and increase
efficiency.
4. In Automated system once data is input we
can create reports literally by pressing a button this can be done by using
manual system.
Cost
1. Cost is
one more difference between manual and
automated system.
2. In manual system we use paper and pencil
for accounting which is much cheaper than automated
system because automated system requires
a machine and software.
3. As
compare to manual system, automated
system expenses associated with accounting software include training and program
maintenance.
Backup
1. Backup
is the third and most important difference between manual and automated system.
2. In manual system there is very less chance
to backup of data if data is lost but in automated
system data can be backup easily.
3. In case
of fire or other mishap all data can be saved and backed up in automated system but this is not
possible in manual system.
Real-life Business
Sub-systems: -
1. Sub-systems
are the component of a system, it can also be considered as a system with its
own right.
2. Consider
a manufacturing firm it consist of five sub-systems they are as follow: -
a. Product
design
b. Production
c. Sales
d. Delivery
and
e. Service
3. Real life business sub-system is
related to business, marketing, production, material and the future expenditure
to business sub-system.
4. The
boundary of sub-systems is between the firm and its environment, and all the
sub-systems work together to accomplish a goal.
5. Real life business sub-system is
a business planning which is related to everyone in the system.
Elements of a system: -
Outputs and Inputs: -
1. An output which is useful for its user is
the main aim of a system.
2. The
information that enters into the system for processing is the inputs.
3. The
outcome of the processing is output.
Processor: -
1. The
element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into
output is the processor.
2. Processor is
the optional component of a system and it may modify the input either totally
and partially and this is depending on the output specification.
3. For
handling the transformation input is also modified to enable the processor as the output specifications
changes.
Control: -
1. The
element of control is used to guides
the system.
2. Control is
the decision making sub-system which is used to controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing and
output.
3. The
operating system and software controls
the behavior of the computer system, to keep the system in balance what and how
much input is needed is determined by the output specifications.
Feedback: -
1. System
that provides the control in a dynamic system i.e. feedback.
2. Feedback that
is routine in nature that encourages the performance of the system is positive feedback.
3. Feedback that
is informational in nature that provides the controller with information for
action is negative feedback.
Environment: -
1. The
“super system” within which an organization operates in the environment.
2. Environment is
the source of external elements that strikes on the system.
3. Environment determines
how a system must function.
Boundaries and interfaces: -
1. Any
system must be defined by its boundaries.
2. The
limits that identify its component, process and interrelationship when it
interfaces with another system are Boundaries.
3. Every
system has its own boundaries which
defines its sphere of influence and control.
4. The
knowledge of the boundaries of a
given system is vital in determine the nature of the system interface as
compare to other system for a successful design.
Very helpful notes
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